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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » MacOS

How to clear it when restarting MacOS Tahoe brings up a ton of notifications and no “Clear All” button

Today I restarted my Mac OS Tahoe machine and suddenly, when I logged back in, a million old Slack notifications came up. Hovering over them, I did not get the "Close All" button on top, and had to tediously click them closed, one by one.

Turned out, in System Preferences under the Apple Menu, in the Notifications page, if I select "Slack", "Notification Grouping" was set to "None". Setting this to "Automatic" caused all the old notifications to collapse into a small visual "stack" behind the topmost notification, and when I hovered over it, the "Close All" button appeared.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » Apache

Server Changes Summary — July 24, 2026

1. Claude.ai changes:

Context: Investigating a WordPress site freeze on michaelkupietz.com. Root cause identified as a burst of 504 timeouts when a bot/crawler hit ~20+ uncached taxonomy archive pages (/genre/*, /topic/*) in rapid succession around 11:42.

1. Enabled PHP-FPM slow request logging

File: /etc/php/8.3/fpm/pool.d/17002707405366737.conf
Uncommented:

slowlog = /var/log/php-fpm-slow.log request_slowlog_timeout = 5s

Reloaded with systemctl reload php8.3-fpm.
Purpose: Logs a full PHP stack trace any time a request takes 5+ seconds, to help diagnose future slowdowns. Negligible performance/disk impact — only…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » awk

Splitting a markdown document sections into separate documents with awk in Bash

[code]awk ' /^## / { if (file) close(file) title = substr($0, 4) gsub(/[^a-zA-Z0-9 _-]/, "", title) gsub(/ /, "_", title) file = title ".md" } file { print > file } ' input.md[/code]

First, cd into the same folder as the file (here called input.md. Then the above will generate titled .md documents from every section that starts with ##.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » Apache

Quickly check status/error code of all hosted domains

To quickly check to http return code for a bunch of your hosted domains, enter this in bash:

[code]for host in \ domain.com www.domain.com \ domain2.info www.domain2.info \ domain3.com www.domain3.com do code=$(curl -k -sS -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code} %{redirect_url}' "https://$host/") printf "%-26s %s\n" "$host" "$code" done[/code]
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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » iOS

Stop Siri Dictation from automatically adding incorrect punctuation everywhere.

On my iPhone, I had Siri dication suddenly start inserting bogus commas everywhere when I never said "comma". You can turn this off by going to settings > general > keyboard > dictation and turning off the auto-punctuation switch.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » MacOS » Networking

Airdropping photos from iOS to MacOS always stuck on “waiting”

If your phone and Mac appear to be able to see each other over Airdrop, but every time you try to send photos from your phone to your Mac the phone sits on "waiting" and the photos never transfer, try picking "Force quit..." from the Apple icon menu in the upper left of your window on the Mac, select "Finder", hit the "Relaunch" button, wait a moment for the Finder to restart, and try transferring again.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Applications » Web Browsers » Plugins » uBlock Origin
Posted inIT Grimoire Posted in genresGeek StuffGrody Technical Details

A uBlock Origin custom rule to hide “Related Videos” (and more) on YouTube

If you're like me, you loathe and despise the toxic mental ordure that YouTube often plasters up and down the right side of each video page, such as POLITICAL DEMAGOGUERY in MIXED CAPS to PIQUE your OUTRAGE enough to KEEP YOU WATCHING YOUTUBE instead of doing something PRODUCTIVE! [insert thumbnail of someone looking amazed here.]

At a certain point, I started to notice that there was more likely to be things I didn't even want to know existed in that section than anything I actually wanted to see. So, I added a simple rule to the uBlock Origin browser plugin that hides that section of the page:

[code]!https://www.youtube.com www.youtube.com###related[/code]

And that's it. That's all you need to add. No more "related videos" section.

While I was at it, I added a rule to block the "suggested videos" thumbnails that appear at the end of videos, by…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » Apache

Detect SYN flood slowing down server with netstat

If the web server is slow, detect a SYN flood by netstat -ant | grep :443 | grep SYN_RECV to show the IP addresses leaving it hanging. Hint: If you're behind a reverse proxy, and that shows IP addresses that aren't the proxy's, then your IP is being hit directly. To find out how many IPs are hanging, do netstat -ant | grep :443 | grep SYN_RECV | wc -l. If you do it a few times and the number is increasing, you may be under attack. If it's over 100, that's suspicious, but manageable and the server can usually handle it, especially if you have SYN cookies activated. If it's over 1000, you're under attack.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » SQL

Automatic SQL tuning recommendations with mysqltuner.pl

Run this on the server for sql tuneup recommendations to my.cnf.

[code]wget http://mysqltuner.pl/ -O mysqltuner.pl perl mysqltuner.pl[/code]
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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » MacOS » Apps

Things That Don’t Get Firefox To Start Loading Pages Again When It Decides It Doesn’t Want To

Firefox as of v 148 (actually a bit earlier than that, but that's what I'm on right now) frequently decides not to load pages anymore. You enter a URL or click on a link and get the status message "Waiting for [URL]..." and you can wait as long as you care to.

When this begins, your only choice is to restart Firefox.

Here is a list of "solutions" to the problem from around the web, which I have tried and found do not fix the problem:
• Turning off DNS-over-HTTPS in Firefox Settings
• Flushing MacOS's DNS cache.
• Going to about:networking and clearing Firefox's DNS cache
• Going into about:config and changing network.dns.disableIPv6 from false to true
• Opening in "troubleshooting mode" or disabling all extensions
• Turning VPN off
• Turning VPN on

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » MacOS » Apps

iOS Shortcut to dictate your shopping list into Reminders.app

I uses this shortcut to dictate my shopping list into the iOS Reminders "Shopping" list. It breaks spoken lists on the word "and" to create separate shopping list items.

So I might run the shortcut, say the phrase "pickles and hot dogs and mustard", and it will add "pickles", "hot dogs", and "mustard" as separate checkbox items to the Shopping list in Reminders. It's handy for rattling off my shopping list as I'm staring into my fridge.

Obviously you need a list called "Shopping" set up in your Reminders app.

This shortcut executes the following steps:

  1. Dictate text - listens for spoken input. Make sure set to '''stop listening after pause'''.
  2. Split Dictated Text by Custom and - splits the text into a list with "and" as the delimiter
  3. Repeat with each item in Split Text - begins the loop that adds…
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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » MacOS » Networking

SSH into local mac, error “WARNING- REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!”

SSHing into a local MacOS machine at address "macbook.local", I suddenly got this:

[code]@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY! Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)! It is also possible that a host key has just been changed. The fingerprint for the ED25519 key sent by the remote host is SHA256:oKCEu3pDdq7xBhSPZwOzR2q0eWTvfphtvn3D4Bjz8v4. Please contact your system administrator. Add correct host key in /Users/username/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message. Offending ECDSA key in /Users/username/.ssh/known_hosts:147 Host key for macbook.local has changed and you have requested strict checking. Host key verification failed.[/code]

The solution was to run ssh-keygen -R macbook.local then try the ssh again. Then it asked me whether or not to accept the key, instead of rejecting it:

[code]$ ssh username@macbook.local The authenticity of host 'macbook.local (fe80::1890:fd32:c304:69cd%en0)' can't be established. ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:oKCEu3pDdq7xBhSPZwOzR2q0eWTvfphtvn3D4Bjz8v4.…
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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » MacOS » Apps

Xbar/BitBar gives “Couldn’t Posix Spawn” for script.

Apple's quarantine system can cause this. Try 

[code]chmod +x com.apple.quarantine /path/to/script.sh xattr -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/script.sh[/code]

In my experience only the xattr is needed but the chmod might help and couldn't hurt.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Web » Performance/SEO

If CSS animations cause a layout shift during rendering, even if they’re on compositable attributes

If CSS animations cause a layout shift even if they're on compositable ettributes, look for clip paths, overflow:hidden, or css filters on them or their ancestors.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » PHP

Enable PHP 8.4 in Apache on Debian

According to the installer, to enable PHP 8.4 FPM in Apache2 do:
a2enmod proxy_fcgi setenvif
a2enconf php8.4-fpm

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private » Programming Hacks Used In This Site

War And Precedence: Plugin positioning of unpositioned elements that aren’t yet positioned by later-loading stylesheets: A CSS Odyssey

So, I had a crazy problem. You'll notice that there's various draggable elements on this site... such as the "Kupietools" plugin tabs seen at left, the occasional "the site is being worked on right now" notices that pop up, etc. You can drag them around with your mouse.

This is done with a plugin (also available as a standalone javascript module, a few versions behind the plugin as I write this) that retrofits code onto various HTML elements by giving the plugin the classnames it needs to make interactive.

I was doing some optimization on the site loading to speed things up, such as getting WordPress to load a lot of CSS file late so as not to interfere with initial page load stats. (This is a whole art, beyond the scope of this article.)
Suddenly…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Web » Email setup)

Resolving cloudflare error “The number of lookups on your SPF record exceed the allowed limit of 10. This will result in emails failing SPF authentication”

I got the error "The number of lookups on your SPF record exceed the allowed limit of 10. This will result in emails failing SPF authentication" in my Cloudflare DNS dashboard.

My spx record for, say, kupietz.com was "v=spf1 include:_spf.myEmailHost.com include:kupietz.com ~all"

Turns out, the problem is, every include can get parsed to be multiple servers. the include:kupietz.com apparently causes a recursive loop, creating more than 10 lookups. I updated it to "v=spf1 ip4:[my server's external IP address] include:_spf.google.com ~all", removing the recursive lookup, and adding my server's IP so it can send me administrative notices.

Also today my ISP changed my IP address unexpectedly... all DNS updated.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » rsync & rsnapshot

How to backup a WordPress site via SSH

To make a complete local backup of a remote WordPress install over SSH, you need to perform two distinct steps:

  1. Download the files (using rsync).
  2. Export and download the database (using mysqldump piped through ssh).

Here is the step-by-step guide.

Prerequisites
  • SSH Access: You need the username, host (IP or domain), and password (or SSH key) for the remote server.
  • WordPress Path: You need to know where WordPress is installed (e.g., /var/www/html or /home/user/public_html).
  • Database Credentials: You will need the database name, user, and password. (I will show you how to find these below).
Step 1: Find Database Credentials (Optional)

If you don't know your database login details, run this command to read them from your remote wp-config.php file: ssh user@remote-server.com "cat /path/to/wordpress/wp-config.php" | grep 'DB_'

Note the DB_NAME, DB_USER, and DB_PASSWORD for Step 2.

Step 2: Download the Database (SQL Dump)…
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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » n8n
Posted inIT Grimoire

Starting a temporary instance of N8N accessible via IPv4 over the local network

N8n by default binds to localhost, and even binding it to listen on all interfaces, it still by default listens only for IPv6. You also may want to tell it to not use the Secure Cookie if you don't want to set up an SSL certificate or sign up for their cloud service. Make sure you only have it reachable on the local network if you do this, you don't want to open your instance to the entire world.

N8N_SECURE_COOKIE=false N8N_HOST=0.0.0.0 N8N_LISTEN_ADDRESS=0.0.0.0 npx n8n

Remember to open port 5678 on the machine's firewall if necessary.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » MacOS » Networking

Prevent MacOS from locking screen when you disconnect screen sharing

I screenshare into a Mac for playing video on my TV, and had an intermittent problem where Firefox would not play video while screen sharing was connected, but then locked the screen as soon as I disconnected.

It turns out that if the screen is locked when you log in via screensharing, MacOS defaults to locking it again when you disconnected, and, being MacOS, the ability to turn this off has been removed from the UI.

Enter this in terminal to turn it off: sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.RemoteManagement RestoreMachineState -bool NO

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Web » WordPress » Yoast
Posted inIT Grimoire Posted in genresTroubleshootingWebYoast AnnoyancesWordpress

CURL and Browser get different page versions (301 redirects, content changed, etc. — due to Yoast url parameter stripping only for non-logged-in users)

I had a truly maddening problem where my /embed/ functionality was sometimes returning full pages to CURL commands and online services like redirect-checker.org, etc.

It turned out, it was Yoast's URL parameter stripping. I had failed to update Yoast's settings with some new parameters I was using, and what Yyoast never tells you is that when you're logged in, it lets everything work fine, and only strips parameters for non-logged in users. It just lets you proceed on your way thinking everything is working fine until you can't figure out why curl -I https://mysite.com/blah?param1¶m2 is getting a 301 redirect while https://mysite.com/blah?param1¶m2 is loading fine in your browser. This is especially fun on sites like mine where things like /embed/ and ?embed get written back and forth to each other internally.

I lost several hours to this.

Yoast's docs say there's a way of registering parameters but,…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Applications » Web Browsers » CSS
Posted inIT Grimoire

Determining which javascript script changed an element’s attribute

Determining which script changed an element's attribute

So, I had an issue where quite a while ago I added some js code that would open a [code]details[/code] disclosure element if it contained a named anchor that was included in the page's URL. For instance if you loaded the URL [code]https://thisdomain.com/somepage.html#blahblahblah[/code], and the page had [code][/code] hidden inside a closed [code]details[/code] element, it would open that element by setting the attribute "open" on the details element, and scroll to reveal the anchor.

The problem was, I needed to make some changes to how that code functioned, and I couldn't find where I had added the script that did that.

Long story short: I temporarily added this script to the head of the page, and then reloaded it with an #anchor added to the URL, in this case [code]https://michaelkupietz.com/literally-hundreds-capsule-reviews/#puzzlehead[/code]:

[code] // Override the open property setter to catch when…
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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » SQL
Posted inIT Grimoire

SQL query to list all WordPress post revisions for archiving

Here's the SQL query to get all post revisions, which I do prior to cleaning them out of the database, which seems to make it much faster:

SELECT p.*
FROM [posts table name] p
WHERE (p.post_type = 'post' OR p.post_type = 'page') -- Include posts/pages
AND (p.post_date BETWEEN '2020-01-01' AND '2029-07-01') -- Adjust date range
OR (p.post_type = 'revision' AND p.post_parent IN (
SELECT ID FROM [posts table name]
WHERE post_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-07-01'
));

To get just a count of revisions, change SELECT p.* to SELECT count(*).

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » rsync & rsnapshot
Posted inIT Grimoire

Speeding up rsnapshot (rsync) backups by removing wildcard paths from exclude

I removed a bunch of wildcard paths from rsnapshot.conf's exclude, and suddenly tonight my backup ran in a few minutes instead of taking over a day like it usually does.

Interesting, I've been looking off and on for at least the better part of a year for ways to lighten the load of rsnapshot's under-the-hood rsync backup commands, which reliably took up about half my CPU power almost continuously, and never found this tip before. You can see, plenty of wildcard paths removed, plus a few other things.

Here's a diff, rsnapshot.conf before changes (<) vs after (>):
< verbose 1
---
> verbose 4
120c120
< loglevel 2
---
> loglevel 4
143a144,146
> rsync_short_args -Wa
> #-W is transfer whole files without prescan, recommended for performance by https://serverfault.com/questions/639458/rsync-taking-100-of-cpu-and-hours-to-complete
> #NOTE: if you set the above short…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Troubleshooting log » Web Server
Posted inIT Grimoire

Performance troubleshooting & settings changes 2025aug29

Following several days of frequent freezes, I tried changing the following settings

updated in :

[opcache] original settings
;recommended by https://vpsfix.com/14433/virtualmin-post-installation-configuration-and-server-optimization-guide/
opcache.enable=
opcache.memory_consumption=
opcache.interned_strings_buffer=
opcache.max_accelerated_files=
opcache.validate_timestamps=
opcache.revalidate_freq=
opcache.save_comments=
;end recommendation

to

[opcache]
;recommended by https://vpsfix.com/14433/virtualmin-post-installation-configuration-and-server-optimization-guide/
opcache.enable=
opcache.memory_consumption=
opcache.interned_strings_buffer=
opcache.max_accelerated_files=
opcache.validate_timestamps=
opcache.revalidate_freq=
opcache.save_comments=

-
added var_dump(opcache_get_status()) to php status page to be able to monitor opcache usage

-
changed warning logs from E_ALL & ~E_DEPRECATED & ~E_STRICT to
----
noticed contained a LOT of processes being stopped for tracing
turned off request_slowlog_timeout by setting to 0s in
had been 4s
---
I had turned on lightspeed at 1:45 am est , aug 26. Seems like more problems since then.

None of the above seem to help, still getting freezes maybe every 30 minutes. Next…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » File management
Posted inIT Grimoire

Directory and File Locations particular to this server

PHP config -
Includes:
- opcache settings
- error warnings

PHP slow log setup is in

PHP log -

PHP error and slow logs by pool are in

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » rsync & rsnapshot
Posted inIT Grimoire

Resolving an rsnapshot error — “rsync: –delete does not work without –recursive (-r) or –dirs (-d). rsync error: syntax or usage error (code 1) at main.c(1795)”

I discovered rsnapshot hadn't run in a few days. Checking /etc/rsnapshot.log, I found every recent day had this: 

rsync: --delete does not work without --recursive (-r) or --dirs (-d). rsync error: syntax or usage error (code 1) at main.c(1795) [client=3.2.7]

A few days ago I had added the line rsync_short_args -W to /etc/rsnapshot.conf in an effort to get rsync to run without putting such a load on my system. Removing this and running rsnapshot -v hourly from the command line shows that without it, the first line of the rsync command was /usr/bin/rsync -ax --delete --numeric-ids --relative --delete-excluded \, but with it, the first line was /usr/bin/rsync -Wx --delete --numeric-ids --relative --delete-excluded \.

Changing the line rsync_short_args -W to rsync_short_args -Wa, with an a flag explicitly included, solved the problem. Apparently specifying custom short flags overrides at least one of the default flags.

Also: remember, when you run an…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » rsync & rsnapshot
Posted inIT Grimoire

Post-migration steps when migrating or restoring Linux from backup

There are intentionally vague broad steps, here just as a reminder to myself; best to look specific instructions for each of these steps up at restore time for the particular system you're restoring to.

A.) Backups should include all user data. Depending on who you ask, that's either:
1.) The entire filesystem except /dev/*, /proc/*, /sys/*, /tmp/*, /run/*, /mnt/*, /media/*, /lost+found (which can be pulled from a complete filesystem backup with rsync -avhP --exclude={"/dev/*","/proc/*","/sys/*","/tmp/*","/run/*","/mnt/*","/media/*","/lost+found"} /mnt/olddrive/ /mnt/netdrive/)
2.)/home, /etc (except /etc/passwd and /etc/groups, these have useful information to back up but may conflict if written to a new install), /usr/local, /opt, /root, /var (exluding /var/tmp, /var/run/, /var/lock, or /var/spool except you DO want /var/spool/cron/crontabs/)

B.) After copying all the above to the new or restored disk, you need to update /etc/fstab with the new disk UUIDs.

C.) Install GRUB Bootloader.

D.) If you're using LUKS encryption, set that…

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Platforms » Linux » Packages » rsync & rsnapshot
Posted inIT Grimoire

Fastest way to delete a large, deep directory in Linux

Per numerous references around the web, to delete /path/to/directory-to-delete/:

 cd /path/to/ mkdir empty_dir rsync -a --delete empty_dir/ directory-to-delete/ rm -r empty_dir rm -r directory-to-delete

Disclaimer: this is for my own reference, not recommended for your use. Use it at your own risk. If I am wrong—and I may be—these commands can do tremendous damage to your system.

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Workshop » Reference Section » Grimoires » IT » Applications » Web Browsers » CSS
Comprehensive List of CSS Units, A Reference For Web Developers
Posted inReference Info Posted in genresGeek StuffWeb DevelopmentGrody Technical Details

The Absolute Units: Comprehensive List of CSS Units, A Reference For Web Developers

Here’s a guide to all currently available CSS units, with explanations and common use notes. This includes all CSS units listed in MDN Web Docs as of 2025aug15.

Sections:

By Category Angle units
  • deg: Angle Degrees (360deg = full circle).
  • grad: Angle Gradians (400grad = full circle).
  • rad: Angle Radians (2πrad = full circle).
  • turn: Angle Turns (1turn = full circle).
    Used in transforms, gradients, and trigonometric functions.
          Frequency units
          • Hz: Hertz. Cycles per second (e.g., for aural/speech media).
          • kHz: Kilohertz (1000Hz). Rarely used in typical web CSS.
            Length Units: Absolute length units (fixed physical or device-referenced)
            • px: CSS pixel. The most common unit for on-screen layout. Scales with zoom; not a physical device pixel.
            • in: Inch (1in = 96px).
            • cm: Centimeter (1cm =…
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